Mechanical alloying process specifics and factors affecting the processed material properties

Metallurgy and Material Science

Metal science and thermal processing of metals and alloys


Аuthors

Kosolapov D. V.*, Kurbatkina E. I.**, Shavnev A. A.***

All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Materials. State Research Center of the Russian Federation, 17, Radio str., Moscow, 105005, Russia

*e-mail: d.kosolapov87@gmail.com
**e-mail: elena.kurbatkina@mail.ru
***e-mail: as151@mail.ru

Abstract

This article describes one of the powder metallurgy methods, namely mechanical alloying (MA), used for composite materials production. MA is a solid-phase process of deformation impact on the powder material. MA changes the structure and properties of the processed materials. The authors analyzed the effect of technological modes on the process of mechanical alloying. They described, in particular, the main types of ball mills, employed for МА process carrying out. The authors examined the effect of the impurities on fractional, chemical and phase composition of composite granules, which can both accelerate supersaturated solid solutions and amorphous phases building-up process, and prevent diffusion to form amorphous oxides and phases with work material. The authors demonstrated in the paper that the shape of the shape of the container and grinding bodies could also affect the MA process and its results, as well as MA effectiveness and fractional composition in particular. Shape, size and material of the grinding bodies selection depends on several factors. Generally speaking, the grinding bodies should correspond to two basic requirements, namely, they should possess developed superficial area to provide contact with the processed material, and have enough weight to possess enough energy for processed particles grinding. The grinding media can be not only in the form of a globe, but also cylindrical et. On the Al-50% Ta system example the authors envisaged the effect of globes weight to the weight of a material ratio on the MA process.

The authors demonstrated also that the MA rate is one of the most important parameters affecting the process of the processed material grains mixing and grinding, chemical reactions process and phase transformations occurring in solid phase. It is well known, that the greater the mill rotation speed, the greater the kinetic energy transferred to the bodies and particles, and, hence, the intensity of the process increased. However, excessively high rates might cause a number of complications, such as grinding bodies high degree abrading and overheating either of a drum mill, of processed material. The authors also studied the issue of temperature effect on phase and structural transformations during technological process. They noted, that high temperature contributes to phase transitions and chemical interaction, while lower temperature works towards nanocrystalline state and metastable phases forming, as well as allows process plastic materials effectively.

Thus, the materials presented in the paper help not only to select the initial charge materials processing mode, but also predict the obtained results.

Keywords:

powder metallurgy, mechanical alloying, composite materials, solid-phase interaction

References

  1. Campbell S.J., Kaczmarek W.A. Mossbauer Spectroscopy. Applied to Materials and Magnetism. Edited by Gary J. Long and Fernande Grandjean. New York, Plenum Press, 1996, vol. 2, pp. 273-330.

  2. Kablov E.N. Metally Evrazii, 2012, no. 3, p. 10-15.

  3. Kablov E.N. Krylya Rodiny, 2010, no. 4, p. 31-33.

  4. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Bazyleva O.A. Vestnik MGTU im. N.E. Baumana, 2011, no. SP2, pp. 13-19.

  5. Kablov E.N., Gerasimov V.V., Visik E.M., Demonis I.M. Trudy VIAM, 2013, no. 3, available at: http://www.viam-works.ru/ru/articles?art_id=15 (accessed 17.08.2016).

  6. Kablov E.N. Istoriya aviatsionnogo materialovedeniya. VIAM — 80 let: gody i lyudi, Moscow, VIAM, 2012, 520 p.

  7. Suryanarayana C. Mechanical alloying and milling. Progress in Materials Science, 2001, vol. 46, issues 1-2, pp. 1-184.

  8. Neamюu B.V., Chicinaє H.F., Marinca T.F., Isnard O., Chicinaє I. Preparation and characterisation of CoFe NiM-SiB (M = Zr, Ti) amorphous powders by wet mechanical alloying. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2016, vol. 673, pp. 80-85.

  9. Lin C.K., Lee P.Y., Kao S.W., Chen G.S., Louh R.F., Hwu Y. Solid State Amorphization of Fe50Nb50 Powders During Mechanical Alloying, Materials Science Forum, 1999, vol. 312-314, pp. 55-60.

  10. Nagarajan R., Ranganathan S. A study of the glass-forming range in the ternary Ti-Ni-Al system by mechanical alloying. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1994, vol. 179/180, pp. 168-172.

  11. Takeushi T., Koyano T., Utsumi M., Fukunaga T., Kaneko K., Mizutani U. Effects of ambient temperature and acceleration on various mechanical alloying products: MgAlZn quasicrystals, NiZr amorphous alloys and amorphous Se. Materials Science and Engineering A, 1994, vol. 179/180, pp. 224-228.

  12. Asahi N., Maki T., Matsumoto S., Sawai T. Quasicrystallization Characteristics of Mechanically Alloyed Al65Cu20Fe15 Powder. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1994, vol. 182, pp. 841-844.

  13. Hightower A., Fultz B., Bowman Jr.R.C. Mechanical alloying of Fe and Mg. Journal of Alloys Compounds, 1997, vol. 252, pp. 238 – 244.

  14. Tikhomirov A.V. Modelirovanie i optimizatsiya protsessa polucheniya mekhanicheski legirovannykh kompozitsionnykh materialov na osnove alyuminievykh splavov (Modeling and optimization of mechanically alloyed composite materials based on aluminum alloys), Doctor's thesis, Moscow, 2008, 25 p.

  15. Kablov E.N., Shchetanov B.V., Grashchenkov D.V., Shavnev A.A., Nyafkin A.N. Aviatsionnye materialy i tekhnologii, 2012, no. S, pp. 373-380.

  16. Kablov E.N., Chibirkin V.V., Vdovin S.M. Aviatsionnye materialy i tekhnologii, 2012, no. 2, pp. 20-23.

  17. Kablov E.N. Aviatsionnye materialy i tekhnologii, 2015, no. 1, pp. 3-33.

  18. El-Eskandarany M.S. Mechanical Alloying for Fabrication of Advanced Engineering Materials, first ed. William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, New York, USA, 2001, 260 p.

  19. Molchanov V.I., Selezneva O.G., Zhinov E.N. Aktivatsiya mineralov pri izmelchenii (Activation of minerals by grinding), Moscow, Nedra, 1988, 208 p.

  20. El-Eskandarany M.S. Mechanical Alloying: Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Powder Metallurgy, Elsevier Science &Technology Books, Oxford, UK, 2015, 348 р.

  21. Kaloshkin S.D., Tomilin I.A. The crystallization kinetics of amorphous alloys. Thermochimica Acta, 1996, vol. 280281, pp. 303-317.

  22. Suryanarayana C. Mechanical alloying, ASM Handbook, ASM International Publishers, 1998, vol. 7, pp. 80-90.

  23. Cabrera A.F., Rodríguez Torres C.E., Mendoza Zélis P., Fernández Van Raap M., Socolovsky L.M., Pasquevich G., Sánchez F.H. Magnetic study of Fe65Ni20Nb6B9 nanocomposite alloys. Physica B: Physica of Condensed Matter, 2004, vol. 354, issues 1-4, pp. 129-132.

  24. El-Eskandarany M.S., Aoki K., Sumiyama K., Suzuki K. Cyclic phase transformations of mechanically alloyed Co75Ti25 powders. Acta Materialia, 2002, vol. 50, pp. 1113-1123.

  25. Lewis T.L, Cook B.A., Harringa J.L., Russell A.M. Al2MgO4, Fe3O4, and FeB impurities in AlMgB14. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2003, vol. 351, pp. 117-122.

  26. Lai M.O., Lu L. Mechanical alloying, Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, 276 р.

  27. 7. Khorami H. A., Keyanpour-Rad M., Vaezi M. R. Synthesis of SnO2/ZnO composite nanofibers by electrospinning method and study of its ethanol sensing properties. Applied Surface Science, 2011, vol. 257 (18), pp. 7988-7992.

  28. Gavrilov D., Vinogradov O., Shaw W. Simulation of mechanical alloying in a shaker ball mill with variable size particle. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-10), 1995, vol. III “Woodhead Publishing”, pp. 299-307.

  29. Takacs L., Pardavi-Horvath M. Magnetic nanocomposites by reaction milling. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1995, vol. 33, issues 10-11, pp. 1731-1740.

  30. Shi F. Comparison of grinding mediaCylpebs versus balls. Minerals Engineering, 2004, vol. 17, issues 11-12, pp. 1259-1268.

  31. Suryanarayana C. Mechanical Alloying and Milling, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 2004, 466 р.

  32. Suryanarayana C. Mechanical alloying and milling. Progress in Materials Science, 2001, vol. 46, pp. 1-184.

  33. Wills B.A. and Napier-Munn T. Will's mineral processing technology: an introduction to the practical aspects of ore treatment and mineral recovery. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, Oxford, UK. 7 edition, 2006, 456 р.

  34. Abdellaoui M., Gaffet E. The physics of mechanical alloying in a planetary ball mill: Mathematical treatment. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1995, vol. 43, issue 3, pp. 1087-1098.

  35. Yavari A.R., Desre P.J. Amorphization by mechanical alloying and by solid-state reaction: Similarities and differences. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1991, vol. 134, pp. 1315-1322.

  36. Calka A., Kaczmarek W.A. The effect of milling condition on the formation of nanostructures: Synthesis of vanadium carbides. Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1992, vol. 26, pp. 249-253.

  37. El-Eskandarany M.S., Aoki K., Sumiyama K., Suzuki K. Mechanically induced cyclic crystallineamorphous transformations of ball milled Co50Ti50 alloy. Scripta Materialia, 1997, vol. 36, pp. 1001-1009.

  38. El-Eskandarany M. Sherif, Al-Hazza A. Mechanically induced self-propagating reaction and consequent consolidation for the production of fully dense nanocrystalline Ti55C45 bulk material. Materials Characterization, 2014, vol. 97, pp. 92-100.

  39. El-Eskandarany M. S., Shaban E., Al-Halaili B. Nanocrystalline  cyclic phase transformation in reacted ball milled MgH2 powders. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, vol. 39 (24), pp. 12727-12740.

  40. Bab M.A., Mendoza-Zelis L., Damonte L.C. Nanocrystalline HfN produced by mechanical milling: Kinetic aspects. Acta Materialia, 2001, vol. 49, pp. 4205-4213.

  41. Rochman N.T., Kuramoto S., Fujimoto R., Sueyoshi H. Effect of milling speed on an FeCMn system alloy prepared by mechanical alloying. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003, vol. 138, pp. 41-46.

  42. Suryanarayana C. Does a disordered  -TiAl phase exist in mechanically alloyed Ti-Al powders? Intermetallics, 1995, vol. 3, issue 2, pp.153-160.

  43. Skakov Yu. A., Djakonova N.P., Edneral N.V., Koknaeva M.R., Semina V.K. Some peculiarities of the atomic structure of metallic phases formed during liquid quenching and solid state reactions. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1991, vol. 133, pp. 560-564.

  44. Magini M., Colella C., Guo W., Dikonimos Markis T., Turtu S. Effect of Oxygen Impurities in Mechanical Alloying of Pd-Si. Materials Science Forum, 1995, vol. 179-181, pp. 325-331.

  45. Koch C.C., Cavin O.B., McKamey C.G., ScarbroughJ.O. Preparation of “amorphous” Ni60Nb40 by mechanical alloying. Applied Physics Letters, 1983, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1017-1021.

  46. El-Eskandarany M.S., Aoki K., Sumiyama K., Suzuki K. Reactive Ball Mill for Solid State Synthesis of Metal Nitrides Powders. Materials Science Forum, 1992, vol. 88, pp. 801-807.

  47. El-Eskandarany M.S., Ahmed H.A., Sumiyama K., Suzuki K. Mechanically assisted solid state hydrogenation for formation of nanocrystalline NiTiH3 alloy powders. Journal of Alloys Compounds, 1995, vol. 218(1), pp. 36-43.

  48. Chen U., Williams J.S. Investigation of Gas-Solid Reactions Realised by Ball Milling. Materials Science Forum, 1996, vol. 225/227, pp. 545-552.

  49. Kaczmarek W.A. Effects of Gas Surface Layer during Mechanical Processing of Complex Magnetic Oxide on Structure, Morphology, Thermal and magnetic Properties. Materials Science Forum, 1995, vol. 179/181, pp. 313-320.

  50. Campbell S.J., Jayasuriya K.D., Calka A., Jing J. A Mossbauer study of ball-milled Co-Fe-Si-B: I: dry milling. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 1993, vol. 76, pp. 81-84.

  51. El-Eskandarany M.S., Aoki K., Itoh H., Suzuki K., Less J. Effect of ball-to-powder weight ratio on the amorphization reaction of Al50Ta50 by ball milling. Journal of the Less Common Metals, 1991, vol. 169, pp. 235-244.

  52. Lee C.H., Fukunage T., Mizutani U. Temperature dependence of mechanical alloying and grinding in NiZr, CuTa and FeB alloy systems. Materials Science and Engineering A, 1991, vol. 134, pp. 1334-1339.

  53. Koch C.C., Pathak D., Yamada K. Mechanical alloying for structural applications. ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1993, pp. 205-212.

  54. Huang B.-L., Perez R.J., Crawford P.J., Nutt S.R., Laverina E.J. The synthesis of nanocrystalline Fe78B13Si9 by cryogenic high-energy ball milling of metglas. Nanostructured Materials, 1996, vol. 7, pp. 57-65.

  55. Bogdanov V.R., Sulim G.T. Vestnik Moskovskogo aviatsionnogo instituta, 2013, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 111-113.

mai.ru — informational site of MAI

Copyright © 1994-2024 by MAI